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Numerous other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies using Hubbard's management teachings, and distributes directories of WISE-affiliated organizations. WISE requires those who wish to end up being Hubbard management speaks with to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires growth. You can help by adding to it. In order to facilitate the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of powerful or respected people. Scientology Perth. Though it has actually achieved some trustworthiness as a religious beliefs in lots of nations, Scientology has likewise been referred to as both a cult and a commercial enterprise.
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For instance, it has actually been noted to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Fair Game people it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of fraud, manslaughter and tampering with witnesses in French cases, malicious libel versus lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of presence" might be viewed as "threatening to established social organizations".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were business and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had initially demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit company.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as evidence the United States federal government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in items for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in an internet survey run by the presidential shift group obtaining public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular elements of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was created with its head workplace situated at Saint Hill Manor - Church of Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Office (later relabelled the Workplace of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and see post dedicated one of the largest penetration of United States federal firms ever perpetrated by an organization not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The crime devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No person or company was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive tactics in addressing those it sees as attempting to suppress them, referred to as Suppressive Persons (SPs) first laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called reasonable game. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its creator.
Utilizing blank paper understood to have actually been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb threats in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper Read Full Report to jail for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was found at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.